|

Circumspection on Circumcision – Lessons for India

Byoliveridley

Circumcision May Help Protect Against HIV – washingtonpost.com

Getting circumcised may reduce men’s risk of acquiring HIV, according to a study conducted in Africa. “Our study shows that circumcised men had 53 percent fewer HIV infections than uncircumcised men,” lead study author Robert Bailey, professor of epidemiology at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), said in a prepared statement.

This study, published in The Lancet (registration and kidney donation required!) adds to the growing body of research suggesting that circumcision significantly reduces the incidence of HIV infection. The doubts on circumcision as a protective factor against HIV are falling away.

But, is this a viable public health strategy? In context, the US health and human services reports an 85% reduction in HIV risk through condom usage. This is probably a conservative estimate. There’s no indication yet that the gains from circumcision and condom use together are multiplicative.

Let’s look at India, for instance. Circumcision is not practiced among Hindus. There is no history of circumcision, and when I was growing up, it was clear that circumcision was for Muslims and Muslims only. It was often laughed about and there was a sense of superiority about not having to mutilate. It was a clear distinction setting difference between “us” and “them”. This article by Jaishanker and Haldar provides some perspective on Hindu-Muslim identities.

Apart from that, the other important identity of Muslim males is circumcision. It is found in many riots that Muslims were victimized based on their religious identity. In the riots if the perpetrators or the police are not able to identify victims with their religion they forcefully remove the pants of the victims to check whether they are circumcised or not. Once they find that the victim is circumcised he is targeted without further analysing which community he belongs to.

For example in Bombay riot (1992) there is a case of man who was frisked by the police for assessing whether he was a Muslim. However, out of fear he gave his name as Raju (a Hindu name) the officer made him take out his trousers and, noticed that he was a circumcised Muslim, and fired at him.

No Hindu parent in their right mind would circumcise their male child. It’s that simple. It’s part of the ingrained Hindu psyche that having an uncut member sets us apart from our Muslim brethren.

Nothing has changed about AIDS prevention strategies. But it’s boring to study the same variables all the time, let’s recap them one more time, shall we!

Education and awareness: Look at this picture from India (from the NFHS Survey):
Now tell me that increasing awareness among women and empowering them is not the most important thing you can do!

Condom use = 85% risk reduction

Nothing more to say. Continuing to improve access to condoms is important. Avert indicates that condom use is very state dependent, especially among sex workers, with Tamil Nadu having an 80-90% use rate and Mysore in neighboring Karnataka having a 9% use rate.

Access to antiviral therapy

India is in a lucky position here with a very well established pharmaceutical industry. So, drugs are likely to be available (patent issues notwithstanding). The issue however is with infrastructure, getting the drugs to the right people at the right time. This 2004 paper from the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics indicates that coverage is spotty at best. India’s National AIDs Control Organization (NACO) recognizes this, but in my opinion does not go far enough to provide free/affordable drugs to infected people, especially to prevent mother-child transmission.

So, to cut a long story short, circumcision in India is not likely to be a factor in the pantheon of choices available. We have a long way to go with our other major AIDS prevention challenges, and I hope this circumcision issue does not become an increasing distraction.

Similar Posts

  • |

    DMK blinks on Sri Lankan Tamils, LTTE

    Byoliveridley

    Signalling the end of a major crisis that threatened the continuance of the United Progressive Alliance government, Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi assured External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee that he would not precipitate any crisis over the issue of a ceasefire in the Sri Lankan ethnic conflict, even as the island nation assured India that the safety of Tamils in that country was being taken care of.

    via The Hindu : Front Page : As DMK relents, crisis for Centre ends

    So, what happened? The Indian government reacted to Tamil MPs’ ultimatums and issued a statement expressing “concern”. The Sri Lankan government responded by issuing a statement “reassuring” that Tamils would be taken care of. In the end, nothing appears to have changed, except the rather subtle new perception that there could be an increased Indian involvement in possible negotiations.

    We shall see, having been here before.

  • |

    The most important thing I read today (Indian Agriculture Edition)

    Byoliveridley

    Yes, I read the Times article about this subject too, but Tom Philpott and P. Sainath writer better and more eloquently.

    India, food, and modernization | Gristmill: The environmental news blog | Grist

    That “promising biotechnology” is Monsanto’s Bt cotton seed, genetically modified to ward off the cotton bollworm. Indian farmers have been desperate to get their hands on it because they think they need it to compete with their lavishly capitalized and subsidized U.S. peers.

    But the Monsanto seed, which promises to enable farmers to use 25 percent less pesticide, might not be worth the premium (it goes for about twice as much as conventional seed, the Times reports). The great Indian journalist P. Sainath wrote recently that “despite all the claims made for [Bt cotton], input dealers here have seen no decline in pesticide sales as a result of its use. Some claim higher sales than before.”

    As prices for seeds and other inputs rise, farmers have seen the price their goods fetch in the marketplace fall or stagnate. The result has been crushing debt burdens, mounting losses, and a stunning surge in suicides among farmers.

    The Times reports that “17,107 farmers committed suicide in 2003, the most recent year for which government figures are available. Anecdotal reports suggest that the high rates are continuing.”

    Well, that’s one way to clear the land of “inefficient” farmers.

    For the enduring scam that is BT cotton, read this.

  • |

    Lead in Paint, why???

    Byoliveridley

    1940-11_White_Lead_Paint.JPGThis makes my head explode, once again, science is helpless when faced with inertia, and greed. Lead-based paint has been banned in the US since 1978, and if this story is any indication, we’re still seeing the effects of peeling paint. But this bit of research from the University of Cincinnati suggests that not only is lead-based paint being used in more than half the world, it is actually legal.

    Study Supports ‘Urgent’ Need for Worldwide Ban on Lead-Based Paint

    Environmental and occupational health experts at the University of Cincinnati (UC) have found that major countries—including India, China and Malaysia—still produce and sell consumer paints with dangerously high lead levels.

    Why would anyone need to use lead-based paint when alternatives have been available for the longest time, the health effects of lead, especially on children, are very well known, and there is no @#$%^&*# reason other than greed and unwillingness to change. What is the point of all these years of research if it makes no difference at all to the bulk of the world’s population? Depressing.

    Guess what, even if lead-based paint was banned today, it’s still going to be on the walls forever. As the paint peels, kids will be exposed, have lowered IQ, and all other kinds of health issues for as long as that house is standing, which in India could be a 100 years.

    Grassroots organizing is probably needed, and if effective, the stuff will be banned in India quickly, the government does move rapidly on these kinds of easy to legislate issues. But, enforcement will be lax, and awareness will lag, which means we are looking at (my rough guess) at least 20 years more of this issue.

    Once again, the absence of a ban and its implementation affects the poor and uneducated disproportionately. The way I see it happening in India is

    1. Some grassroots awareness, media stories, etc.
    2. A furore that lasts about a week, before the next big story comes along
    3. Maybe a government action that will “ban” lead-based paint
    4. The middle class and above are now aware that they can use titania based paints, so, a quick change for them.
    5. Everyone else is still stuck with the lead-based paint.

    And this does not even begin to address what the US is going through now, aging houses, peeling paint, poor people being exposed to dangerous levels of lead.

    The world ain’t very fair…

  • Harry Potter and the idiocy of Copyrights

    Byoliveridley

    No, that is not the title of the next Harri Puttar. It’s how a slavishly devotional fan base that has spent millions of rupees buying your books, watching your movies, purchasing all your assorted paraphrenalia gets repaid. By getting sued when they pay homage to you.

    BBC NEWS | South Asia | Harry Potter and the Hindu gods

    A community group in the Indian city of Calcutta says it has been sued by JK Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter books, for breach of copyright.

    The group has been building a huge model based on Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as part of celebrations for a Hindu festival.

    If you want to know all the ways in which copyrights have gone amok in this society of ours, just go read Dean Baker.

  • |

    Pollution vs. Development? Hardly!

    Byoliveridley

    It’s clean air vs. TV in poor India village – International Herald Tribune

    Across the developing world, cheap diesel generators from China and elsewhere have become a favorite way to make electricity. They power everything from irrigation pumps to television sets, allowing growing numbers of rural villages in many poor countries to grow more crops and connect to the wider world.

    The headline sucks, clean air vs. TV is not really the choice here. Is the implication that third worlders somehow need to make this a “choice”? It’s not as if the rest of the world has to make this “choice”! They do seem to have both. This is a situation where poor choices are made because of poor infrastructure. Other than the headline, it is a good article because it makes all the right points:

    1. Lack of infrastructure – No centralized power to remote areas
    2. Well meaning, but poorly executed subsidies – Cheap Diesel and Kerosene
    3. Subsidy induced corruption – Diesel/Kerosene pilfering
    4. Top down approaches to development – Throw the money, pay no attention to local experts, don’t follow up, then blame the lazy villagers!
    5. Competition for scarce resources with developed countries – Germany will outpay India for photovoltaics every time.

    Biomass burning as an alternative to diesel?

    Given the popularity of generators, perhaps the most promising alternative is a new type like the one at the edge of the village that contributes much less to air pollution and global warming. It burns a common local weed instead of diesel, costs half as much to operate, emits less pollution and contributes less to global warming.

    The main material is dhaincha, a weed commonly grown in India to restore nitrogen to depleted soils. The dhaincha grows 10 feet tall in just four months, with a three-inch-thick green stalk. Wood from shrubs and trees is used when there is not enough dhaincha.

    I am not a big fan of biomass burning, but using a weed that can be replanted repeatedly seems fairly harmless, especially compared to burning diesel.

    The project has succeeded partly because it has the active backing of one landlord family, the Sharans. Family members have gone on to successful business careers in big Indian cities and in Europe, and have dedicated themselves to helping their home village.

    Local involvement, especially by authority figures goes a long way in rural India.
    China does suggests another way forward.

    China has tried another approach: supplementing an expansion of electricity from coal-fired power plants with cheap rooftop solar water heaters that channel water through thin pipes crisscrossing a shiny surface.

    Close to 5,000 small Chinese companies sell these simple water heaters, and together they have made China the world’s largest market for solar water heaters, with 60 percent of the global market and more than 30 million households using the systems, said Eric Martinot, a renewable energy expert at Tsinghua University in Beijing.

    Not so hot during the monsoon, I guess! I remember a friend of mine having a solar heater in their home in the 1980’s. Their company used to make them, so it is old technology, with price being the prime barrier. It will work as a supplemental source, not as the prime source.

    Clearly, the wider availability and ubiquity of consumer electronics, and electricity-dependent agriculture has outpaced India’s, and to a lesser extent, China’s power infrastructure. It is easy to make a billion television, it’s not quite so easy to keep them powered!

  • |

    Brotherless Night – Go Read

    Byoliveridley
    Brotherless Night is the book I wanted to read, so I wrote it. VV Ganeshananthan
    Book cover of the book Brotherless night by VV Ganesananthan

    I grew up in Chennai in the 80s and got to witness the Sri Lankan civil war from just across the border. I read about it mostly from the Indian English news media (The Hindu, Indian Express) and remember many parts of the conflict: The initial profusion of Tamil groups, the LTTE takeover, the quick suppression of peaceful/non-violent voices by the LTTE, the Indian “peace” mission, and then much of the mayhem that followed, including the killing of Rajiv Gandhi. My opinions were filtered through my pro-Sanskrit anti-Tamil Brahmin upbringing and I don’t remember being especially sympathetic to the cause back then.

    This book really took me back and filled in the blanks. I learn history best when told through the experiences of those affected the most, the women, children, “civilians”. It’s a beautiful, extremely challenging history lesson on the Sri Lankan war told from the viewpoint of a young woman growing up in Jaffna. VV’s writing makes you read through the horror of war, the clear and repeated threads of who suffers and how no one involved in violence is “noble” or “heroic”. Read it if you are able, trigger warnings all the way with violence, sexual violence, family violence 🙁 It is however a story primarily of resistance, survival and how important it is to catalogue the horrors of war as they are happening, and not let that story get buried in traditional war jingoism.

    In this world we’re in right now, dominated by war coverage and the daily unchallenged assertions by those committing war that they are “right”, “honourable”, “just”, etc., reading accounts of war from the perspective of those most affected are a reminder. They are a reminder that when you commit to continuous violence, even if it starts as self defense or resistance, there’s no nobility there, no heroism: you’re killing human beings, you’re destroying lives, homes, gardens, libraries, schools, music, love and everything that makes us human. I really wish all war coverage focused on what is lost, not on who gained a bridge or how the great leader sitting in his well-protected mansion is waging the war.

41 Comments

  1. I hope circumcision will become an increasing solution for the extremely serious AIDS problem that India has.

  2. Nice piece on circumcision, HIV and India: I stumbled upon it today AFTER writing something on the issue on my own blog (I am a bioethicist with an interest in the use of circumcision as HIV prevention strategy). And I live in Chapel Hill!

  3. Stuart:

    Thanks, and nice article on your part.

    “The foreskin has geopolitical significance”

    That’s funny and has all kinds of visualization potential! My concern is that this particular debate is too toxic to be touched in India right now, and it detracts from all the other major infrastructure building India has to do to combat the epidemic. I do not want AIDS prevention efforts to be derailed by the circumcision debate. Believe me, words don’t adequately describe how most Hindus feel about this. It is almost like making one eat beef!

  4. Pingback: HIV, male circumcision and India

  5. i think female doc or nurse should not perform in circumcision.in ind there have many muslims.n there hav enough lady doctors who can perform circumcise.max r hindus.so it should be avoideded by muslims to go hindu lady docs

  8. hindu log bina wajah khatna se dar rahe hai khatna ke baad penis kafi achcha dikta hai aur mahilao ko khatna purush zyada pasand haote hai ye mai ek sarve ke baad keh raha hoo

  9. khatna ek bahut hi saral surjery hai or 5 ya 6 din baad zakhm bhar jata hai or zindagi bhar ke lie life aids se siqure ho jati hai to friends be circumsied and save your life , just like me

  10. khatna ke baad ling pehle se jada behtar ho jata hai kyunki bina khatna ling ke niche jo bandh hota hai usse bahut dikkato ka samna karna padta hai meri girl friend mujhe ab pehle se jada pasand karti hai

  11. pata nahi bharat me hi kyu log khatna ke fayde nahi jaante america jaise desh me to har aadmi khatna hai , bina khatna ke waha majaak udaya jata hai

  12. i think circumcision should be must for every man in india, it is the best option fo decrees the rate of hiv aids, and it solved all penis problen

  13. i dont understand , why are indian not being circumcision they are accepting h.i.v but not circumcision

  14. India should adopt infant circumcision at the time of birth for Boys. This will help to fight against HIV.

    1. what a bunch of idiots..blurting some nonsense ….”india should adopt infant circumcision for boys”.

  15. Indian Govt must adopt infant circumcision for boys to curbe HIV and it must be encourage by religious leaders of Hinduism.
    Otherwise unwantedly accepting hiv and dying is not a good thing.

  18. I believe in science than any religion and i wont circumcise my son just to be different from Muslims. There are many advantages of keeping the skin intact our bodies have evolved many millions of years to be what we are and its just the way nature made us. As far Aids and STD’s are concerned just practise safe sex that will provide you 90% immunity .Even if i was circumscised i wont have risky sex the risk chances are far too great.Remember that the % is for only one intercourse. If a circumscised man has two intercourses then then he is equally probable to get Aids

  20. Pingback: Circumcision and AIDS - Revisited « The Olive Ridley Crawl

  22. Mai ek Hindu larki hu maine ek muslim larke se shadi ki hai jub maine usko dekha to uska ling different laga maine poocha to usne subkutch bataya SUTCH ME LING KHATNE KE BAAD BAHUT SUNDER HO JATA HAI.Aur oral sex me bahut anand aata hai, parantu ye prakiriya me kast bahut hota hai.

  25. I do believe that circumcision is more of a hygienic practice. It helps to stop HIV, STDs, and more importat cervical cancer aong women. I would recommend it to eveery mom having a male child.

  26. I think circumcision not make people Hindu or Muslim.Today i want to say to all people that they pramote this in hindu’s men and boyes.It is necessory today to prevent many sexual transmited disease as AIDS GONORRHIA SIPHILIS BREAST CANCER ect.it is simple sergery.Never affraid done it. i am hindu but circumcise.but it not mean i made a Muslim.from this penis make so cute .It also remove the your condom coating problem.which is caused by long prepus.

  27. The question is not values of circumcision, the question is Are hindus aware of it? I am a hindu, while I was a child I had a typical disorder called “Phimosis”, in which the foreskin was tightly attached to my penis. The result was I had fever every month. I was always sick. Upon inspection it was found that bacterial and fungul infections occur when I urinate causing fevers.

    As a child more than me my parents and panel of doctors wanted to save me than hink about religion or other invaluable things in their world. I was circumcised to be saved. Honestly after that I grew to be a healthy boy.

    As for sex, masturbation and erectile functions, I can assure I am as much sexually active as my friends.

    Now, so whats the fear? During riots, like it happened in mumbai, I can be shot. And everyone might think I am muslim. There lies the answer, we hate muslims and they hate us.

    Facts show that circumcised penis not only decreases sexual transmitted disease risks but also acts as a pain comforter while having sex, i never had any pains while having sex. The reason is while intercourse sometimes the foreskin turns over which doesn’t happen if circumsised.

    Also female counterparts are less in agony due to less friction.

    Also a question arises here, is India scientifically backward? I love my India and am sure it’s much more developed than it was in past. We dont talk about circumcision because it’s a ritual common in muslims. But if it’s based on medical surgery, we should not have a problem. As long as we don’t enlighten ourselves without fearing our religious leaders … anyway we are brain dead, what’s the use?

    Think about it, today i can die being shot at by some religious slave (chance is rare though, unless communal riot occurs) after he opens my pant (again a rare chance) who thinks I am a muslim. But again if I was not circumsised, I would have already been dead by the age of 13-14 with bacterial infections and sexually transmitted diseases.

    Thank heavens, I am healthy and I am still living.

    1. Akash it’s the same case with me. No one in my family is cut. I try to hide my penis while peeing in public good to know that i have a cut hindu friend(you). Plz reply soon

      1. Hi Amit. I’m also hindu and circumcised, nobody in my family knows except parents and brother (he is not circumcised). I had same condition of tight foreskin, and when i pulled it back it always bleed around top and bottom, (didnt pull back hard) but could be contributed to my birth. My parents told me the doctor accidentally cut my penis when cutting the cord. I was born in India.

        Anyways I was circumcised in America where I live so I don’t feel that bad. But I always wonder what Hindu women may think about my story?

  28. mughe aapni ek kidney bechna hai . jo aachha paisa de sake jaldi email kare mughe paiso ki sakht jarurt hai. mukesh mo-9540587746

  29. i think khatna male ko to karani chahiye par female ko bhi karani chahiye isse uski vagina kasha aur bhara bhara sa dikhta hai. aur ye jaruri honi chahiye. kyonki bina khatna ke vagina latki aur ghin sa dikhta hai. maie apni aur apni girfriend ko khudse khatna kar di. ab use bhi achchha lagta hai aur mujhe bhi. aur sex mein bhi bahoot maza aata hai

    so femal ko bhi khatna karni chahiye.

    1. To Vinod,
      You must be crazy to think that females should get circumcised as, just because you like the way the vagina looks after the process, that doesn’t mean that you should have told your girlfriend to get circumcised. The vagina is made that way for certain reasons, and if you think that ur girlfriends vagina is loose and hanging, buy her some kind of vaginal cream. I hope you know what complications can be faced for a women if she is circumcised. Just for your pleasure and enjoyment you cannot ask anyone to be circumcised.

      1. Nandini i support u. I am too vehemently against female circumcision. But i am a circumcised hindu male. Do u like a circumcised penis? Do u think a hindu girl will like me?

  30. if it is so necessary then y dont u practise it on both gender its lyk trimming the ears of ur child so he cant wear spectacles it means if a person dont have ears dn he cant wear spects so his eyesight is perfect. It sud b considered as genetial mutilation. if circumscion in gals is considered as mutilation dn y not in boys .it is most disgusting practise ever. it is the reason y men needs viagra in usa cause these deformed mens cant manage a erection themselves due numbness of their glans. If u r doin a circumcision to a male then also ripp off a girl clit and labia cause it will drop her sexual desire and she will never cheat thus aids rate will also decrease and circision trends are decreasin in usa their r a lot complications wid it. Pls dont deform ur child. ab bakchodo hindi me ata hu ye btao agar kat do lund ko bachega kya waise bhi india me hygeine rate low hm angrenjo ki tarah garm pani ke bath tub nange let ke lund nhi dho sakte hain. Foreskin amare lund ko guard krti hai dirt and bacterial infection se nami bana ke rkhti hai warna lund sookh gya to ghanto chuswaoge to bhi khada nhi hoga dats y oral is popular i america . arey bakchodo tm ye sab sirf islie krna chahte ho kyo ki usa me krte hai arey usa me shit sex popular hai to kya sex ke nam pe goo bhi khaoge. Ar maderchodo kisi lund kat ke jindgi kyo barbad kr rhe ho.ar jo ldkia kahti hai kata lund khoobsurat hota hai to jake apni choot ke all external organ hatwa lo badi chikni aur saaf lgegi .usa me gaand merna islie popular ke sale lund pe feel kr nhi pate choot ki tightnees ko islie gand me dale hain extra tightness ke lie india na hi aise facility hain safely kia ja sake ye sb ar agar galti ho gyi to kisi ke bap victim ko apna lund udhar nhi denge ar ye natural hi rhne do. kal ko ldkia apne woobs remove krwa le nhi to ldke attract honge unsafe sex hoga aids rate high ho jayenge. Betichodo free me nirodh milta hai, nhi to aukat ho luxury condome le lo lund katne ki kya jarrorat hai hiv se bachne ke lie?

    I m feeling proud dat i have n intact one not a deformed and mutilated.

  31. There is NO formal evidence that circumcision prevent HIV or other STDs. 75% of the HIV positive men in the US were circumcised as this is a routine practice in big parts of USA. Someone will contract HIV regardless if they are mutilated at birth or not intact if they don’t show cautiousness. The only way to securely avoid HIV is to wear contraception and also test before entering a relationship with someone new. If we stay faithful to our loved one, get tested and engaging in safe sex. Mutilating our children will NOT prevent diseases.

    This is propaganda from the medicine industry to justify their barbaric approach towards infants and children. If someone by the age of 18 decide to do this by own free will or it is medically necessary (such as phimosis treatment, skin infection etc) then its a whole different story. Don’t fix something that’s not broken.

    Let humankind be born the way they are born by the grace of god. Just because Abraham was 99 years old and had a “call from god” to circumcise himself, his sons and every other male i think it’s time to think about the CONS if circumcision as well. In islam it’s more a cultural thing over a religious thing.

  32. india me circumcision turant chalu karna chahiye .aur aids ke prati iske faede se avagat karay jana chahiye.hum samagh dar hai.mai samaghta hun har hindu circumcise hona chahata hai.mai hindu hun aur aids se aur std disease se bachav ke liye maine circumcision karvaya. aur aage iseke badhane ki hardam kosis karunga

  33. Crcumcision has not only advantages but a lot of disadvantages also.Mutilation of a very sensitive and useful body part causes the loss of a large number of nerves and blood vesseles.Erectile dysfnction of the penis is more among circumcised as seen in literatures and uncircumcised people enjoy sex better.That is why in UK and USA infant circumcision rates are rapidly declining.The Govt of Canada and Germany are thinking about banning unnecessary circumcision..
    I was circumcised for medical reasons but dont find anything great out of it.

Comments are closed.